For example, laboratory animals will self-administer the drug until they die.
Death of blood vessels throughout the bodyĪmphetamines carry a high potential for tolerance and psychological dependency.Paranoid delusions similar to schizophrenia.Uncontrollable and abnormal movements of the face and jaw muscles called dyskinesias.Death may also occur due to ruptured blood vessels in the brain, heart attacks, heart rhythm abnormalities and heatstroke.The adverse health effects of amphetamines can be categorized as those that occur acutely and those that occur chronically. What are the adverse effects of amphetamines? "Regardless of the sport, the use of amphetamines to enhance athletic performance is illegal and contrary to the spirit of fair play." "Amphetamines have also been abused by athletes such as gymnasts, wrestlers and ballet dancers to decrease appetite so as to reduce body weight", says Wadler. Moreover, they are notable for distorting the user's perception of reality and impairing judgment, which may cause an athlete to participate while injured, possibly leading to worse injuries and putting others at risk. Amphetamines do not create extra physical and mental energy. The main psychic effects of the amphetamines include wakefulness, alertness, a decreased sense of fatigue, mood elevation, increased self confidence, and a decreased appetite. Consequently, the stimulative effects of amphetamines last considerably longer than that of cocaine. However, unlike cocaine, amphetamines are not readily broken down by the body and are eliminated unchanged in the urine. What are the effects of using amphetamines on performance?Īmphetamines share many central nervous system effects with cocaine. All forms of amphetamines are banned by the International Olympic Committee and the NCAA. The smokeable form is a methamphetamine called "Ice," which is very potent, long-lasting and extremely addictive and illegal in most states. Amphetamines can be injected intravenously or smoked.
"Amphetamines are most often taken orally with blood levels peaking in one to two hours and effects appearing in 30 minutes and lasting in excess of three hours," says Wadler. Subsequently, amphetamines became prominent as an appetite suppressant and as a drug to ward off sleepiness. During World War II, amphetamines were used as a means of delaying the onset of fatigue and increasing alertness in soldiers. Trade names for amphetamines are Benzedrine, Dexedrene and Methedrine these drugs have familiarly been referred to as "bennies" or "black beauties."Īmphetamines were synthesized in 1887 and were initially commercially available for over-the-counter use as a nasal decongestant. They are controlled substances commonly called "uppers" and induce false feelings of power, strength, self-assertion and enhanced motivation. "Amphetamines belong to a class of drugs called sympathomimetic amines or stimulants that cause the release of excitatory neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, to stimulate thecentral nervous system (CNS)," says Wadler. He joined us to address the issue of amphetmaine use and sports performance. Gary Wadler, a New York University School of Medicine professor and lead author of the book "Drugs and the Athlete", has also won the International Olympic Committee President's Prize for his work in the area of performance-enhancing drugs in competitive sports.
AMPHETAMINE LIST OF DRUGS SERIES
SPECIAL - Drugs and Sports: AmphetaminesĮditor's note: This is the fourth of an eight-week series of articles examining the effects of commonly abused substances on athletic performance and overall health.
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